Panelists of the side-event ‘Protecting our environment, our land and our digital space in Africa’. Photo credits: ISHR.
On the sidelines of the NGO Forum and the 89th Ordinary Session of ACHPR, ISHR, DefendDefenders and Front Line Defenders held an event on the intersection of environmental and digital rights. Defenders from Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali, Nigeria and Western Sahara discussed their contexts and recommendations.
At a side event ahead of the 89th session of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), human rights defenders from across the continent warned that the destruction of land and the shrinking of digital space are two faces of the same system of extraction, one that is silencing those who resist it.
Co-organised by African Defenders, DefendDefenders and Front Line Defenders, and moderated by ISHR, the event ‘Protecting our environment, our land and our digital space in Africa’ brought together defenders from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Western Sahara, Mali and Nigeria to expose how environmental destruction, land dispossession and digital repression reinforce one another, and to call on the African Commission to act as it drafts a landmark General Comment on the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment.
The panel’s central message was that extractivism is not confined to the ground beneath our feet. The same logic that strips minerals from the soil is now mining data from people’s lives, while the technologies used to do so increasingly target those who defend both.
‘Environmental protection, land rights, human rights and digital security are deeply interconnected,’ said Hassana Abba, of the Working Group on Human Rights in Occupied Western Sahara and the Protection League for Political Prisoners.
‘When natural resources are exploited without respect for the rights of the people concerned, when economic projects proceed without meaningful participation, and when those who document the consequences face torture, intimidation or digital abuse, we are confronting more than an environmental problem. We are confronting a broader challenge of justice, accountability and human dignity,’ Abba added.
'There can be no environmental justice without human rights, no protection of the land without protection of those who defend it, and no just green transition if it reinforces occupation, resource exploitation and silencing of peoples.'Hassana Abba
Charles Ikem, Executive Director of PolicyLab Africa, gave this phenomenon a clear name.
‘Just like natural resources extraction, we are seeing some form of digital colonialism and extractivism. Platform data mining and content moderation silence the voice of Indigenous communities, women and minority rights,’ he said, pointing to Nigeria’s Cybercrime Act of 2024, which has become a ‘punitive tool to censor speech online’.
Ikem called for a continental moratorium on high-risk technologies and for the African Union to build on the Pall Mall Process to tackle the proliferation of spyware across the continent.
Fidèle Mbilizi Mutimanwa, Advocacy and Strategic Partnerships Director at the National League of Indigenous Pygmy Associations of the Congo (LINAPYCO), described the lethal reality facing Batwa, Baka and other Pygmy communities that are being driven from their ancestral forests in the name of environmental protection itself.
In operations to clear land for protected areas such as Kahuzi-Biega and Upemba national parks, authorities have been implicated in killings, gang rapes, arbitrary arrests and the destruction of homes and crops.
In 2022, the African Commission found against the DR Congo in its landmark Communication 588/15, ordering the State to restore Batwa lands and end discriminatory laws, a decision that remains largely unimplemented to this day.
‘The progressive loss of their traditional territories automatically entails the loss of their cultural identity,’ Fidèle Mbilizi Mutimanwa explained, recalling that these same communities are essential guardians of the Congo Basin’s forests. His appeal to the Commission was direct: ensure that the 2022 decision and the 2022 national law n° 22/030 on Pygmy peoples’ rights are finally enforced.
'Communication No. 588/15 concerning the Batwa of Kahuzi-Biega National Park represents a significant step forward in the recognition of Indigenous Peoples' land rights in the DRC. It also reaffirms that conservation policies must comply with international human rights standards, particularly the right to free, prior and informed consent.'Fidèle Mbilizi Mutimanwa
The event also highlighted how women defenders pay a disproportionate price, both on the land and online.
Aminata Diarra of Women in Law and Development in Africa (WiLDAF-Mali), showed how rural Malian women face a triple exclusion, from land, from environmental decision-making and from the digital space.
Citing national data, she noted that only 31 per cent of women in Mali own land, against 43 per cent of men, and customary practices can still give rise to inequalities, particularly with regard to inheritance and access to land. She also mentions that violence facilitated by technology affects between 16 and 58 per cent of recorded cases of gender-based violence.
‘The digital rights of defenders are non-negotiable,’ Diarra stressed, calling for accessible, confidential reporting mechanisms and for women’s meaningful participation in the management of land and natural resources.
Hassana Abba echoed this from a context of occupation, describing smear campaigns by Moroccan authorities and the circulation of private images targeting Sahrawi women defenders, tactics that, he warned, blur the line between digital surveillance and offline repression.
Participants at the side-event
Speakers framed the event around a concrete opportunity: the African Commission’s ongoing work on a General Comment on the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment, and the fifth anniversary of the landmark General Assembly resolution of the same name.
The panel urged that environmental defenders be substantially reflected in the General Comment, and that digital threats, internet shutdowns, surveillance, restrictive cybercrime laws and technology-facilitated gender-based violence, be recognised as integral to the protection of environmental rights.
The statistics underscored the urgency: on the African continent, at least 14 environmental and land rights defenders were killed between 2025, amid 31 documented serious violations. There were at least 30 internet shutdowns recorded in 15 countries in 2025.
As the African Charter marks its 45th year, defenders left Dakar with a clear demand: to turn its landmark decisions into enforceable protection, and to ensure that the Commission outcomes reflect the lived reality of those defending the land and their digital space, at great personal risk.
The panel expressed solidarity with the participants and echoed similar issues happening in Cameroon, Uganda and Sierra Leone.
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